Consider the following equation: 
The term Dt in this equation is
Definitions:
Expectations
Beliefs or anticipation about the way events, behaviors, or things should happen or be.
Learned Helplessness
A psychological condition in which an individual becomes passive and unable to act to escape adverse situations due to previous exposure to uncontrollable events.
Pessimistic Explanatory Style
A tendency to explain negative events as permanent, pervasive, and personal causes, often linked to feelings of helplessness and depression.
Seligman
Martin Seligman is a psychologist known for his work on learned helplessness, positive psychology, and well-being.
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