How Do You Calculate (Mathematically)the Present Value of the Following

question 74

Essay

How do you calculate (mathematically)the present value of the following?
(a)perpetuity
(b)annuity
(c)growing perpetuity
(d)growing annuity

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Definitions:

Smoking

Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke produced by burning tobacco in cigars, cigarettes, or pipes, often associated with health risks.

E-cigarettes

Battery-operated devices that deliver nicotine with flavorings and other chemicals to the lungs in vapor instead of smoke.

Nicotine Withdrawal

The range of symptoms experienced when quitting or reducing intake of nicotine, including cravings, irritability, and anxiety.

Anxiety

A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome, often reflecting a natural response to stress.