Define "Literary Naturalism," and Provide Two Examples in ÉMile Zola's

question 6

Essay

Define "literary naturalism," and provide two examples in Émile Zola's works.

Understand different types of research designs (e.g., experimental, prospective observational study, and retrospective observational study).

Identify the key elements of an experimental design, including random assignment, control groups, and blinding.

Distinguish between lurking and confounding variables and their impact on research conclusions.

Interpret the limitations of observational studies in establishing causality.

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Definitions:

Unlearned Reaction

A natural, instinctive response to a stimulus that occurs without the need for prior learning or experience.

Reflexive Reaction

An automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus.

Unconditioned Stimulus

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any learning needed.

Conditioned Stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.