When Individuals' Performance on a Posttest Differs from Their Initial

question 47

Multiple Choice

When individuals' performance on a posttest differs from their initial testing not because of a treatment but because of familiarity with the measure,a __________ threat to internal validity is likely.

• A) testing
• B) instrumentation
• C) regression
• D) contamination

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Definitions:

Gender Differences

Variations in characteristics, behaviors, and roles traditionally associated with being male or female in a particular culture or society.

Identity Formation

The process of developing a distinct sense of self and coherent identity, often occurring during adolescence, involving exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals.

Adolescence

The developmental phase between childhood and adulthood, characterized by significant physical, psychological, and social changes.

African-American Adolescents

Young individuals of African or Black American heritage, typically within the ages of 13 to 18 years.