Which of the Following Arises When the Independent Variable of Interest

question 13

Multiple Choice

Which of the following arises when the independent variable of interest and an unintended independent variable are allowed to covary?

• A) contamination effect
• B) decrease in external validity
• C) illusory correlation
• D) confounding

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Definitions:

Salient Memories

Vivid and prominent memories that stand out due to their significance or emotional impact.

Optimistic Bias

The tendency to believe that oneself is at less risk of experiencing a negative event compared to others.

Illusion of Control

The false belief that one can influence or control outcomes that are actually determined by chance.

System-1

A term from cognitive psychology, referring to the fast, automatic, and often unconscious way of thinking.