A) Provide an Informal Analysis of the Following Passage; or

question 19

Essay

A) Provide an informal analysis of the following passage; or
B) in analyzing the passage, do the following:
a. Identify the causal hypothesis at issue.
b. Identify what kind of study it is.
c. Describe the control and experimental groups.
d. State the difference in effect (or cause) between control and experimental groups.
e. Identify any problems in either the study or the report of it, including but not necessarily limited to uncontrolled variables.
f. State the conclusion you think is warranted by the report.
Each year in the United States, a surgical procedure known as extracranial-intracranial arterial (EC/IC) bypass is done on three thousand to five thousand people who have had, or are at risk of, stroke. The operation, in which an artery on the scalp is attached to an artery on the brain to bypass a partial or total blockage, costs about $15
,000. In a new study, researchers from the University Hospital in London,
Ontario, examined 1,377 people who had recently had strokes or had signs of impending strokes. They randomly assigned 714 to get standard medical care and 663 to get EC/IC bypasses. The group that had the surgery subsequently had a slightly higher rate of stroke and death than the control group, according to the study.
-Reported in the New England Journal of Medicine

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Definitions:

Marginal Tax Rate

The tax rate that applies to the next dollar of taxable income, indicating the percentage of any additional income that will be paid in taxes.

Taxable Income

The portion of an individual's or corporation's income that is subject to taxes by the government, after all deductions and exemptions.

Average Tax Rate

The ratio of the total amount of taxes paid to the total tax base (income), showing the percentage of income paid in taxes.