The "Before and After" Specification, Binary Variable Specification, and "Entity-Demeaned

question 21

Multiple Choice

The "before and after" specification, binary variable specification, and "entity-demeaned" specification produce identical OLS estimates

• A)as long as there are observations for more than two time periods.
• B)if you use the heteroskedasticity-robust option in your regression program.
• C)for the case of more than 100 observations.
• D)as long as T = 2 and the intercept is excluded from the "before and after" specification.

---

Definitions:

Impressionable Years

A period in early childhood and adolescence when an individual is very open to external influences, shaping their personality and beliefs.

Young Adulthood

A life stage marked by the transition from adolescence to adulthood, typically involving increased independence, identity exploration, and responsibility.

Temperament

an individual's innate predisposition to react to the environment in certain ways, which forms the basis of later personality.

Unassertive

Characterized by a lack of confidence and decisiveness in expressing one’s own desires, opinions, and needs.