A Study Tried to Find the Determinants of the Increase

question 29

Essay

A study tried to find the determinants of the increase in the number of households headed by a female. Using 1940 and 1960 historical census data, a logit model was estimated to predict whether a woman is the head of a household (living on her own)or whether she is living within another's household. The limited dependent variable takes on a value of one if the female lives on her own and is zero if she shares housing. The results for 1960 using 6,051 observations on prime-age whites and 1,294 on nonwhites were as shown in the table: $$\begin{array} { | c | c | c | } \hline \text { Regression } & \text { (1) White } & \text { (2) Nonwhite } \\\hline \text { Regression model } & \text { Logit } & \text { Logit } \\\hline \text { Constant } & 1.459 & - 2.874 \\& ( 0.685 ) & ( 1.423 ) \\\hline \text { Age } & - 0.275 & 0.084 \\& ( 0.037 ) & ( 0.068 ) \\\hline \text { age squared } & 0.00463 & 0.00021 \\& ( 0.00044 ) & ( 0.00081 ) \\\hline \text { education } & - 0.171 & - 0.127 \\& ( 0.026 ) & ( 0.038 ) \\\hline \text { farm status } & - 0.687 & - 0.498 \\& ( 0.173 ) & ( 0.346 ) \\\hline \text { South } & 0.376 & - 0.520 \\& ( 0.098 ) & ( 0.180 ) \\\hline \text { expected family } & 0.0018 & 0.0011 \\\text { eamings } & ( 0.00019 ) & ( 0.00024 ) \\\hline \text { fanily composition } & 4.123 & 2.751 \\& ( 0.294 ) & ( 0.345 ) \\\hline \text { Pseudo-R } 2 & 0.266 & 0.189 \\& & \\\hline \text { Percent Correctly } & 82.0 & 83.4 \\\text { Predicted } & & \\\hline\end{array}$$ where age is measured in years, education is years of schooling of the family head, farm status is a binary variable taking the value of one if the family head lived on a farm, south is a binary variable for living in a certain region of the country, expected family earnings was generated from a separate OLS regression to predict earnings from a set of regressors, and family composition refers to the number of family members under the age of 18 divided by the total number in the family.
The mean values for the variables were as shown in the table. $$\begin{array} { | c | c | c | } \hline \text { Variable } & \text { (1) White mean } & \text { (2) Nonwhite mean } \\\hline \text { age } & 46.1 & 42.9 \\\hline \text { age squared } & 2,263.5 & 1,965.6 \\\hline \text { education } & 12.6 & 10.4 \\\hline \text { farm status } & 0.03 & 0.02 \\\hline \text { south } & 0.3 & 0.5 \\\hline \text { expected family earnings } & 2,336.4 & 1,507.3 \\\hline \text { family composition } & 0.2 & 0.3 \\\hline\end{array}$$ (a)Interpret the results. Do the coefficients have the expected signs? Why do you think age was entered both in levels and in squares?
(b)Calculate the difference in the predicted probability between whites and nonwhites at the sample mean values of the explanatory variables. Why do you think the study did not combine the observations and allowed for a nonwhite binary variable to enter?
(c)What would be the effect on the probability of a nonwhite woman living on her own, if education and family composition were changed from their current mean to the mean of whites, while all other variables were left unchanged at the nonwhite mean values?

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Definitions:

Ethnography

A qualitative research method focused on the systematic study of people and cultures from the insider perspective.

Phenomenological Approach

A method in social science that focuses on the subjective experience of individuals, emphasizing personal perception and meaning as the primary source of knowledge.

Subjective Aspects

Elements or perspectives that differ according to individual feelings, tastes, or opinions.

Primary Deviance

The initial act of rule breaking or deviant behavior before being labeled as deviant by society.