In a Quasi-Experiment
A)quasi Differences Are Used, I $\bar { Y } \text { after }$

question 14

Multiple Choice

In a quasi-experiment

• A)quasi differences are used, i.e., instead of ?Y you need to use ( \(\bar { Y } \text { after }\) - ? × \(\bar { Y } \text { before }\) ), where 0 < ? < 1.
• B)randomness is introduced by variations in individual circumstances that make it appear as if the treatment is randomly assigned.
• C)the causal effect has to be estimated through quasi maximum likelihood estimation.
• D)the t-statistic is no longer normally distributed in large samples.

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Definitions:

Osteocyte

A mature bone cell encased in bone matrix, playing an essential role in bone maintenance, mineral homeostasis, and repair.

Spongy Bone

A type of bone tissue found at the ends of bones and in the interior of vertebrae, characterized by a porous, lattice-like structure that is lighter and less dense than compact bone.

Concentric Lamellae

Layers of bony matrix in an osteon, circularly arranged around a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves in the bone.

Trabeculae

Trabeculae are the small, beam-like structures of spongy bone, providing structural support and helping to reduce the weight of the skeleton.