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If the variance of u is quadratic in X, then it can be expressed as
Loyalty Programs
Marketing strategies designed by businesses to encourage repeat customers by offering rewards, discounts, or other incentives.
Globalization
The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale, often associated with cultural and economic integration.
Competitive Forces
Elements in the external environment that influence an organization's competitive position, including competition, customer power, supplier power, the threat of new entrants, and the threat of substitute products or services.
Porter
Michael Porter, a renowned economist known for his theories on economics, business strategy, and competitive advantage.
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