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Mark owns an unincorporated business and has $20,000 of Section 1231 gains and $22,000 of Section 1231 losses.He must report a capital loss of $2,000 on his tax return.
Response Differentiation
A process in operant conditioning where behaviors are modified by being reinforced only when they meet a certain criterion.
Positive Reinforcer
A stimulus which, when presented after a behavior, increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
Reinforce
To strengthen a behavior by providing a consequence that increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.
Avoidance Conditioning
A response that prevents the occurrence of a punisher. This increases the probability of a low-occurring response and maintains that response at a high level. The principle of avoidance conditioning states that a behavior will increase in frequency if it prevents a punisher from occurring.
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