Which of the Following Threats to External Validity Is an Example

question 4

Multiple Choice

Which of the following threats to external validity is an example of the problem of reactive effects of experiment arrangements?

• A) A pretest was conducted that sensitized the subjects to the topic of the research, so that they may have responded to the treatment differently than would individuals who did not go through the pretest
• B) Defendants in a county court are allowed to choose whether or not they would like to participate in a study to determine the effectiveness of a new diversion program
• C) Inmates in a prison are aware that they are part of a study on prison violence and modify their behavior as a result of this awareness
• D) Inmates in a prison are participating in two research studies and are simultaneously exposed to two different experimental interventions

Examine the role of natural and artificial selection in shaping life history traits.

Describe the concept and implications of sexual selection and parental investment in reproductive outcomes.

Understand the principles and examples of sexual selection and mating systems in animals.

Identify the differences between various mating systems (polygyny, polyandry, monogamy) and their evolutionary implications.

---

Definitions:

First Department

Typically the initial stage or department in a production process or sequence.

Equivalent Units

A metric used in cost accounting to express the amount of work done on partially completed units in terms of fully completed units.

Labor

Refers to the human effort, both physical and mental, used in the production of goods and services.

Overhead

Refers to the ongoing operational expenses not directly tied to the production of goods or services, such as rent, utilities, and administrative costs.