Three Ideal Polarizers Are Oriented as Follows: the Axis of the Second

question 101

Short Answer

Three ideal polarizers are oriented as follows: The axis of the second polarizer is at an angle of 59.0° relative to the first one. The axis of the third polarizer is at an angle of 31.0° relative to the second one, so the axis of the axis of the third polarizer is perpendicular to the axis of the first one. Unpolarized light of intensity $18.6 \mathrm {~W} / \mathrm { m } ^ { 2 }$ is incident on the first polarizer.
(a) What is the intensity of the light after it passes through all three polarizers?
(b) What is the intensity of the transmitted light if the second polarizer is removed?

Apply the standard deviation formula for the difference between two independent random variables.

Recognize the application of confidence intervals and hypothesis testing in real-world scenarios.

Distinguish between types of statistical tests based on the data and research question.

Understand the concept of confidence intervals and their interpretation.

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Definitions:

Box Plot

A graphical representation that displays the distribution of data based on a five-number summary: minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum.

Mean

The mean of a number set, determined by dividing the sum of all the values by the total count of values.

Interquartile Range

A measure of variability that describes the range within which the middle 50% of a data set lies, calculated as the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles.

Variability

Variability refers to the extent to which data points in a distribution differ from each other and from the mean of the distribution.