Consider Two Firms, U and L, Both with $50,000 in Assets

question 2

Essay

Consider two firms, U and L, both with $50,000 in assets. Firm U is unlevered, and firm L has $20,000 of debt that pays 8% interest. Firm U has 1,000 shares outstanding, while firm L has 600 shares outstanding. Mike owns 20% of firm L and believes that leverage works in his favor. Steve tells Mike that this is an illusion, and that with the possibility of borrowing on his own account at 8% interest, he can replicate Mike's payout from firm L.
-Suppose the tax authorities allow firms to deduct their interest expense from operating income.Both firm U and firm L are in the 34% tax bracket.Show what happens to the market value of both firms if the debt held by firm L is permanent.Assume MM with taxes.

Understand the role of conditioning in the development and generalization of fears and phobias.

Identify the genetic and epigenetic factors associated with anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD.

Recognize the psychoanalytic perspective on anxiety and phobic disorders.

Distinguish between the biological and conditioning perspectives on maladaptive behaviors.

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Definitions:

Logical Thinking

The process of using reasoning consistently to come to a conclusion, problem solving and decision making based on a set of given rules.

Reasoning

The process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgment.

Ego

In psychoanalytic theory, the part of the psyche that mediates between the instinctual desires of the id, the moral and social demands of the superego, and reality.

Rule-Oriented

Pertains to systems, behaviors, or activities that are governed by a specific set of rules or protocols.