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A worker within the middle-income class is preparing to retire.In the year before he retired,his gross monthly earnings are $2,500.His Social Security benefits will be $1,500 per month.Before he retired,his income was subject to a tax of 30 percent.Find his before-tax and after-tax replacement rates.
Negative Reinforcement
A behavioral principle where the removal or avoidance of an undesirable outcome strengthens the behavior leading to its avoidance.
Punishment
The application of an aversive stimulus following a response in an effort to decrease the likelihood that the response will recur.
Positive Reinforcement
A method in behavioral psychology where the introduction of a rewarding stimulus following a desired behavior increases the likelihood of its recurrence.
Operant-Conditioning
A method of learning in which behavior strength is altered via rewards or penalties.
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