Instruction 15-6
Four Surgical Procedures Currently Are Used to Install

question 124

Short Answer

Instruction 15-6
Four surgical procedures currently are used to install pacemakers. If the patient does not need to return for follow-up surgery, the operation is called a 'clear' operation. A heart centre wants to compare the proportion of clear operations for the four procedures, and collects the following numbers of patients from their own records:
| Procedure |
$$\begin{array} { | l | c | c | c | c | c | } \hline & \text { A } & \text { B } & \text { C } & \text { D } & \text { Total } \\\hline \text { Clear } & 27 & 41 & 21 & 7 & 96 \\\hline \text { Return } & 11 & 15 & 9 & 11 & 46 \\\hline \text { Total } & 38 & 56 & 30 & 18 & 142 \\\hline\end{array}$$ They will use this information to test for a difference among the proportion of clear operations using a chi-square test with a 0.05 level of significance.
-Referring to Instruction 15-6,the expected cell frequency for the Procedure D/Return cell is _______.

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Definitions:

Model Aggression

The act of demonstrating aggressive behavior as a template or example, which can be learned and replicated by observers.

Operant Conditioning

A learning process that employs rewards and punishments to influence behavior.

Primary Reinforcers

Innate rewarding stimuli that fulfill basic biological needs or desires, such as food, water, and comfort, which do not require learning to be effective.

Shaping

A method of behavior training in which reinforcement is given for progressively closer approximations of the desired behavior.