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When production generates a negative externality, the true cost of production is the
Central Tendency
A statistical measure that represents the center or typical value of a dataset, often determined by the mean, median, or mode.
Statistically Significant
A determination that the results of a study are unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a predefined threshold for significance, often indicating a real effect or difference.
Theoretical Significance
The importance or relevance of a concept or finding within a theoretical framework or body of knowledge, often indicating implications for understanding and further research.
Researcher's Expectations
The beliefs or biases a scientist may hold regarding the outcome of an experiment, which can influence the interpretation of data.
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