Examlex
A disadvantage of decentralized decision-making is that two or more operational managers may evaluate and make the same decision, duplicating their efforts.
Expectancy
The belief or anticipation that a particular event or outcome will occur.
Instrumentality
In the context of motivation theory, it refers to the perceived relationship between performing at a certain level and achieving a desired outcome.
Goal-Setting Theory
Goal-Setting Theory posits that specific, challenging goals along with appropriate feedback contribute significantly to motivation and performance, by focusing effort and fostering persistence.
Specific Goals
Clear, well-defined objectives that are measurable and time-bound, facilitating targeted actions and evaluations.
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