France, Germany, Japan, and Canada Are Four Countries That Have

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The Answer is "Invisible differences" refers to differences in the economic, political, legal, and environmental systems within each country as well as the way of doing business.
Legal factors: One example of a legal factor is that in some countries, taxable income and accounting net income must be the same. This may motivate management to choose accounting policies that reduce earnings. Another difference in legal factors is that in countries where Islamic principles are followed, interest cannot be charged and therefore investors cannot lend money to companies and can only take an equity stake.
Ways of doing business: In Germany, employees and bankers are both represented on boards of directors. For companies that have high debt balances, this is seen as favourable since the bankers must believe that the company will be profitable and be able to repay these high levels of debt. In contrast, companies with low debt are seen to be unsuccessful, since the bank is unwilling to lend them any money.
In Japan, the corporate structure is very different from that in North America. In Japan, there is no parent company in a conglomerate structure, and instead the holdings in other companies may be no more than 3%. The majority of the shares are held by a group, rather than a single corporation. Consequently, consolidated statements do not show all of the assets and liabilities of the entire group of companies.
Economic and political factors: Inflation rates and foreign exchange rates may vary from country to country. The amount of inflation in a country may influence the amount of monetary assets and liabilities that a company chooses to have.
State control and regulations within a country can also differ. For rate regulated companies, there may be motivation to capitalize as many costs as possible and use more debt to finance operations.

France, Germany, Japan, and Canada Are Four Countries That Have

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