Uncontrollable External Factors Can Create Challenges in Measuring the Results

question 71

Multiple Choice

Uncontrollable external factors can create challenges in measuring the results for which managers should be held responsible. Which of the following is the best example of an uncontrollable external factor for a manager who oversees all of the operations for a business?

• A) Production volumes were above normal levels so that overtime was paid to direct labor employees
• B) Poor quality direct materials were purchased so more materials than usual were required in the manufacturing process
• C) Raw materials prices changed because of a change in environmental laws.
• D) Utilities costs were higher than normal even though weather and usage were typical for that time of year

---

Definitions:

Cognitive Sophistication

The advanced level of cognitive development characterized by complex thinking processes, such as abstract reasoning and problem-solving capabilities.

Preoperational Thought

Refers to a stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development where children aged 2 to 7 years think symbolically but are not yet able to perform operations or manipulate information in a logical way.

Egocentric Thinking

Egocentric thinking refers to an individual's tendency to perceive, understand, and interpret the world primarily from their own perspective without considering others' viewpoints.

Manipulation

Manipulation involves skillfully or unfairly controlling or influencing others to your advantage, often without their knowledge or consent.