Research Examining the Expectations That Kids in Grades 7 Through

question 24

Multiple Choice

Research examining the expectations that kids in grades 7 through 11 have about drinking alcohol revealed that some of the students begin drinking because they think it will have positive effects on their social behavior and cognitive and motor skills, a phenomenon called

• A) alcoholic myopia.
• B) an expectancy effect.
• C) opponent-process theory.
• D) regressive alcoholism.

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Definitions:

Phineas Gage

A historically significant case in the study of neuroscience and psychology, where a man survived a severe brain injury that dramatically changed his personality and behavior.

Availability Heuristic

A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision.

Sunk Cost

A past expense that has already been incurred and cannot be recovered, which should not influence ongoing or future decisions.

Kahneman and Tversky

Psychologists known for their work on the psychology of judgment and decision-making, as well as behavioral economics.