An Electronics Manufacturer Is Trying to Encourage Its Engineers to Design

question 53

Essay

An electronics manufacturer is trying to encourage its engineers to design simpler products so that overall costs are reduced.
Required:
Which of the value-chain function costs (R&D,design,production,marketing,distribution and customer service)should be included in product-cost estimates to achieve the above purpose? Why?
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Definitions:

Autonomous Decision Making

The capability and right of individuals to make choices regarding their life and actions without external coercion.

Justice Orientation

An approach focusing on fairness and the equitable distribution of resources and decisions.

Care Orientation

A focus or preference for approaches and decisions that prioritize empathy, nurturing, and the welfare of others, especially in moral and ethical considerations.

Civic Behavior

Acts performed by individuals that contribute to the welfare of their community and uphold the principles of democracy and social justice.