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In 2012, Godfrey received a $50,000 sales commission on a long-term contract. But in 2013, the customer filed bankruptcy and Godfrey's employer was not able to collect from the customer. Under the bonus agreement, Godfrey was required to repay the employer $20,000 of the bonus. Godfrey was in the 35% marginal tax bracket in 2012 but he is in the 25% marginal tax bracket in 2013.
Standard Costs
Predetermined or budgeted costs serving as benchmarks for measuring performance, commonly used for budgeting and variance analysis.
Actual Costs
The real costs incurred in the production of goods or in the provision of services.
Direct Labor Variance
The discrepancy between the expected (budgeted) cost of direct labor and the actual cost incurred during a production period.
Direct Labor Time Variance
The difference between the estimated time to produce a good and the actual time taken, often used in cost accounting.
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