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The Claim-of-Right Doctrine
I.explains why Carla does not report $10,000 of income on her tax return when she borrows $10,000 from the First Savings Bank.
II.differs from the constructive receipt doctrine in that constructive receipt applies where an amount has been received,and the tax question is whether the amount is taxable in the current year.
III.explains why Samuel reports $45 of interest credited to his savings account on December 31,2013,on his 2013 tax return,even though he does not actually receive the cash in 2013.
IV.applies when a taxpayer has no definitive obligation to repay the amount received.
Regression
A geological process by which areas of submerged seafloor are exposed above sea level, often due to sea-level fall or land uplift.
Shale
A fine-grained sedimentary rock formed from clay and mud, characterized by its ability to split into thin layers along natural fractures.
Sandstone
A sedimentary rock consisting of sand particles bonded together by natural cements such as silica or calcium carbonate.
Erosionally Resistant Cliffs
Cliffs that demonstrate a high resistance to weathering and erosion, often due to their geological composition, maintaining steep faces over time.
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