For Each of the Following Situations Explain Why the Expenditure

question 32

Essay

For each of the following situations explain why the expenditure is or is not deductible and any limitations that may be placed on the amount of the deduction.
a.Ellis is a part-time bookkeeper for Gilmore Company.The owner of Gilmore told Ellis that if he earns an accounting degree and passes the CPA exam,he would hire him as Gilmore's accountant.Ellis spends $5,600 taking classes towards an accounting degree at City College.
b.Harry owns Circus City Condiments,a wholesaler of circus food.In 2007 he loaned his friend Joanna $8,000 at 6% annual interest with the balance due in 5 years.Joanna used the loan to open a beauty salon.In December 2013,Joanna tells Harry that she has filed for bankruptcy and that he will be lucky to get $2,000 of his money back.The bankruptcy proceedings had not been completed at the end of 2013.
c.Audrey is a self-employed computer consultant.Harvey calls Audrey and asks her for information on installing a new Lan-based workstation system in his business.Audrey meets Harvey at Franco's Chop House.They have dinner while Audrey explains how such a system will work and what it will cost.Audrey pays for the dinner,which costs $100.Harvey calls Audrey the next day and tells her that he has decided that the system costs too much and that he will not need her services.

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Definitions:

Dissenting Voice

An opinion or viewpoint that differs from the majority, often contributing to diversity of thought and innovation within a group.

Reference Group

A group with which an individual strongly identifies.

Majority Opinion

The view or standpoint held by the greater number of individuals within a group or society, often influencing social norms and individual behavior.

Minority Opinion

A viewpoint or perspective that is held by a smaller segment of the population, often differing from the majority view.