A Person Who Loses an Arm May at First Have

question 690

Multiple Choice

A person who loses an arm may at first have a phantom arm and hand. Then after many years, the phantom may shrink, until only a hand is felt at the shoulder. This shows that

• A)the pain and sensations are now passing directly through the pain gates.
• B)the pain and sensations are now passing through the central biasing system.
• C)phantom limb sensations are "sane hallucinations" that can be cognitively suppressed.
• D)the brain gradually reorganizes to adjust for the sensory loss.

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Definitions:

Immunological Functioning

The overall performance of the immune system in defending the body against pathogens and diseases.

Innate Immune System

The part of the immune system that is present from birth and provides the first line of defense against pathogens through nonspecific physical and chemical barriers as well as immune cells.

Specific Immune System

The part of the immune response that is tailored to recognize and remember specific pathogens, providing targeted and improved defense upon re-exposure.

Pathogen

A microorganism, such as a virus, bacterium, or parasite, that can cause disease in its host.