As It Is Used in Expectancy Theory,the Term Valence Refers

question 125

Multiple Choice

As it is used in expectancy theory,the term valence refers to

• A) a subjective probability estimate that effort will lead to performance.
• B) a subjective probability estimate that performance will lead to rewards.
• C) the value an individual places on outcomes.
• D) the product of the effort to performance and performance to reward expectancies.
• E) the overall level of individual motivation.

---

Definitions:

Income

Cash inflow, regularly obtained, as compensation for work or earnings from invested capital.

Average Tax Rate

The average tax rate is the proportion of total taxable income paid in taxes, calculated by dividing the total tax paid by the total income.

Marginal Tax Rate

The rate at which the last dollar of income is taxed.

Lump-Sum Tax Rate

A tax that is a fixed amount, no matter the change in circumstance of the taxed entity. This creates a situation where the tax burden falls more heavily on those with lower income or profit.