Which of the following steps is thermodynamically unfavorable at all temperatures? 
Definitions:
Population Standard Deviation
A measure of the dispersion or spread of a set of data points in a population, quantifying how much the data diverges from the mean of the population.
Sample Size
The number of observations or replicates used in a statistical sample.
Confidence Estimate
A range or interval within which an unknown population parameter is expected to lie, calculated to a specific confidence level.
Observations
The act of monitoring or recording systematically selected variables or data points for a particular study.
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