Research Indicates a History-Graded Effect for Cohorts of Children and Adolescents

question 2

Multiple Choice

Research indicates a history-graded effect for cohorts of children and adolescents growing up in the United States today.Which of these is the best description of this effect?

• A)Children and adolescents develop an identity sooner than individuals in previous generations.
• B)Children and adolescents experience higher levels of anxiety than individuals in previous generations.
• C)Children and adolescents progress through the stages of the family life cycle more quickly than individuals in previous generations.
• D)Children and adolescents experience more economic uncertainty than individuals in previous generations.

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Definitions:

Higher Order Conditioning

A form of learning in which a stimulus is first made meaningful or significant through classical conditioning and then used itself as a basis for learning about some new stimulus.

Primary Reinforcers

Innate reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic biological needs or desires, such as food, water, and sleep, without learning.

Secondary Reinforcers

Stimuli that acquire their reinforcing properties through their association with primary reinforcers, such as money getting its value from the things it can buy.

Schedules of Reinforcement

The specific patterns and timings of rewards or punishments that control the rate and timing of responses in operant conditioning.