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Assuming that S satisfies the conditions of the Divergence Theorem and the scalar functions and components of the vector fields have continuous second order partial derivatives,find , where a is the constant vector.
Reinforcement
Reinforcement refers to the increase of reproductive isolation between populations through selection against hybrid offspring.
Pre-mating Isolation
Mechanisms that prevent mating or fertilization between potential breeding pairs, contributing to species separation and evolution.
Allopatric
Referring to populations of a species that are geographically separated, leading to genetic divergence and potentially speciation.
Allopatric Speciation
A mode of speciation occurring when biological populations of the same species become isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange.
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