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The figure below shows the cost and revenue curves faced by a monopolist. If regulators allow the natural monopolist to earn only a normal profit, it will result in a greater consumer surplus than that under an unregulated monopoly.
Figure 15.4
Entropy
A measure of disorder or randomness in a system, often associated with the second law of thermodynamics in physics.
Open Systems
A system is open or closed to the degree that it can exchange information and energy with its environment. A more open system can adapt to environmental changes.
Closed Systems
A system is open or closed to the degree that it can exchange information and energy with its environment. A closed system cannot adapt to environmental changes and is more likely to move toward entropy.
Levels
Different stages or degrees in a hierarchy or process.
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