Three-Year-Old Lauren Refuses to Stay in Her Own Bed at Night

question 31

Multiple Choice

Three-year-old Lauren refuses to stay in her own bed at night. When her parents put her back in her own bed, she screams and cries unless one of them stays in the room with her. After talking with a behavior therapist, the parents began using operant conditioning techniques that involved:

• A)systematically extinguishing the undesirable behaviors (crying and screaming) by ignoring them and positively reinforcing the child for desirable behaviors (staying alone in her own bed).
• B)using counterconditioning and aversive conditioning to reduce the child's screaming and crying.
• C)identifying irrational beliefs and negative cognitive biases that contribute to Lauren's problem behavior and inappropriate emotions.
• D)creating an anxiety hierarchy for Lauren and teaching her progressive relaxation.

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Definitions:

Conscientiousness

A personality trait characterized by organization, dependability, and a strong sense of duty.

Nomothetic Approach

A research approach that seeks general laws and principles through the study of groups of people.

Continuum

A continuous sequence in which adjacent elements are not perceptibly different from each other, but the extremes are quite distinct.

Cardinal Trait

A dominant personality trait that defines a person's actions, attitudes, and behaviors consistently across different situations.