In Inside Bureaucracy, Anthony Downs Identifies Several Antidistortion Factors in Communication

question 15

Multiple Choice

In Inside Bureaucracy, Anthony Downs identifies several antidistortion factors in communication: (1) multiple internal information sources and overlapping responsibilities; (2) direct communication through hierarchical levels or elimination of such levels; (3) distortion-proof messages (e.g., summarization of details in nontechnical language with little jargon) ; (4) external sources of information; and so on. According to the text, few presidents followed Downs's recommendations more faithfully than

• A)James Madison.
• B)Harry S Truman.
• C)Dwight D.Eisenhower.
• D)Ronald Reagan.
• E)Bill Clinton.

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Definitions:

Urine

A liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and many animals, which is excreted by the kidneys through the urinary system.

Aldosterone

Steroid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex that facilitates potassium exchange for sodium in the distal renal tubule, causing sodium reabsorption and potassium and hydrogen secretion.

Na+

Sodium ions, which are essential for various physiological functions, including nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney, consisting of the renal corpuscle, the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule.