Which of the Following Are Indications to Use Noninvasive Ventilation

question 17

Multiple Choice

Which of the following are indications to use noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in patients who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with nocturnal hypoventilation?
1) PaCO₂ greater than 55 mm Hg
2) More than two hospitalizations related to hypercapnic respiratory failure
3) PaCO₂ greater than 65 mm Hg
4) PaCO₂ between 50 and 54 mm Hg with nocturnal desaturation

• A)1, 2, and 3 only
• B)2 and 4 only
• C)1, 2, and 4 only
• D)1, 3, and 4 only

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Definitions:

Factors

Elements or conditions that contribute to a particular result or situation, often studied to understand complex processes or outcomes.

Alleviate Effects

The process of reducing the severity or intensity of negative outcomes or impacts.

Stress

A physical or emotional reaction to challenging or demanding circumstances.

Daily Stress

The frequent exposure to stressors within one's day-to-day life that can impact mental and physical health.