Which of the Following Are Requirements for Identifying a Causal

question 30

Multiple Choice

Which of the following are requirements for identifying a causal effect?

• A) Association, time order, and nonspuriousness
• B) Time order, nonspuriousness, and mechanism
• C) Nonspuriousness, mechanism, and context
• D) Association, mechanism, and context
• E) Context, time order, and association

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Definitions:

Phloem

The vascular tissue in plants responsible for the transport of nutrients, specifically sugars, from leaves to other parts of the plant.

Turgor Pressure

The pressure within cells resulting from water uptake, contributing to plant rigidity and stability.

Shade Avoidance

The tendency of plants that are adapted to high light intensities to grow taller when they are closely surrounded by other plants.

Phytochrome

A photoreceptor in plants that detects light to regulate various processes, such as germination, flowering, and shade avoidance.