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What Is the Formula for the Sample Standard Deviation of a Variable

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What is the formula for the sample standard deviation of a variable measured as a fraction or probability?


Definitions:

Reduce Pleasurable Feelings

The action or process of decreasing the sensations of enjoyment or satisfaction, often related to mental health conditions or the effects of certain substances.

Negative Effects

Undesirable or harmful outcomes or impacts resulting from an action, condition, or intervention.

P300 Amplitudes

Refers to brainwave patterns measured during neurophysiological tasks indicating the processing of stimuli.

Brain Wave Activity

Electrical impulses in the brain that are measured by EEG and indicate the brain's functional states.

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