______________ Is a Threat to Internal Validity That Occurs When

question 27

Multiple Choice

______________ is a threat to internal validity that occurs when the very process of measuring in the pretest can have an impact on the dependent variable.

• A)testing effect
• B)instrumentation
• C)history effects
• D)maturation effect

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Definitions:

Expected Value

A calculation in probability theory that summarizes the average outcome when the future involves scenarios that may or may not happen.

Fair Coin

A term describing a coin that has an equal probability of landing on heads or tails when flipped.

Expected Value Theory

A concept in probability and statistics that calculates the anticipated value of an investment or decision, factoring in all possible outcomes and their probabilities.

Roulette-type Games

Games of chance that are characterized by a spinning wheel and a ball that determines the winning number or color.