When Phrenologists Assessed the Trait of "Destructiveness" by Measuring Skull

question 44

Multiple Choice

When phrenologists assessed the trait of "destructiveness" by measuring skull contour, their measurements were

• A)reliable and valid
• B)reliable but not valid
• C)valid but not reliable
• D)neither reliable nor valid

---

Definitions:

Synchronic

Pertaining to the study of phenomena, especially language, at a specific point in time without considering historical context.

Total

Encompasses whole, complete, or entirely comprising the entirety of something, often used in the context of statistical or analytical data.

Economic Determinism

The theory that economic forces and structures are the primary determinants of social, political, and historical developments.

Marxian Theory

A framework derived from the ideas of Karl Marx that analyzes society through the lens of class conflict, the modes of production, and the distribution of power.