Downward Communication Does All of the Following EXCEPT

question 18

Multiple Choice

Downward communication does all of the following EXCEPT:

• A)follows the chain of command top to bottom.
• B)achieves influence through information.
• C)helps create a sense of security and involvement among receivers who feel they know the whole story.
• D)as a favorite management strategy that often occurs.
• E)helps minimize the spread of rumors.

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Definitions:

Standard Deviation

A measure that quantifies the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values from the mean.

Variance

A statistical measure of the dispersion showing how much a set of observations differ from each other.

Effect Size

A quantitative measure of the magnitude of the difference between groups or the strength of a relationship between variables, often used in research to assess the practical significance of findings.

Independent Samples

Two or more groups of observations that are collected such that the results from one group do not influence the results from another group.