Richard and Ryan Are 7 Year-Old Twins

question 11

Multiple Choice

Richard and Ryan are 7 year-old twins.They have been referred to the speech-language pathologist for a speech evaluation because of disfluent speech that began around age 3 for both boys.Multiple sound repetitions and prolongations characterize Richard's speech.Before Richard speaks,he often rapidly blinks his eyes and clinches his teeth.He is doing well in school academically,but not socially.Ryan's speech is rapid,dysrhythmic and sometimes unintelligible.Ryan does not demonstrate awareness of his speech disorder,but is struggling academically in school.Just 6 months ago,the boys were in a car accident and suffered minor injury to their face and arms.The speech-language pathologist decides to assess both boys hypothesizing that

• A)Richard is probably exhibiting a cluttering disorder,while Ryan is exhibiting a stuttering disorder
• B)Richard is probably exhibiting stuttering,while Ryan is exhibiting cluttering
• C)Richard and Ryan are probably exhibiting stuttering
• D)Richard and Ryan probably sustained a traumatic brain injury resulting in acquired organic stuttering

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Definitions:

Complex Reflex Action

A series of involuntary, coordinated movements that occur as a response to a stimulus, involving both sensory and motor pathways.

Motor Neurons

Nerve cells that initiate and conduct impulses to the muscles and glands to trigger physical actions.

Legs Move

The action or process of moving the legs, which can be voluntary as in walking or running, or involuntary as in spasms or reflex movements.

Loss of Bone Density

A condition often associated with osteoporosis, where bones become less dense and more fragile.