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If possible outcomes are D and probabilities are P, the standard deviation is defined as
? =
Marginal Cost
The amount spent on producing an additional unit of a product or service.
Monopolistically Competitive
A market structure where many firms sell products that are similar but not identical, allowing for competition based on quality, price, and branding.
Long-run Equilibrium
A state in which all firms in a competitive market are making just enough profit to stay in business, with no incentive to enter or leave the market.
MR = MC
A condition where a firm's marginal revenue (MR) equals its marginal cost (MC), commonly used to determine the profit-maximizing level of output.
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