Describe One Potential Artifact (Experimenter Bias or Reactivity)and How It

question 36

Essay

Describe one potential artifact (experimenter bias or reactivity)and how it threatens both the validity and reliability of measurements.Reliability refers to the consistency of the measurements.A measurement procedure is reliable if the same individuals measured under the same conditions produce the same (or very similar)scores.Reliability can be established over time by using test-retest reliability.The same group of individuals is measured under the same conditions at two different times.If the two measurements are the same or similar,the measurement is reliable.You can also establish the internal consistency of a test or questionnaire consisting of several items by measuring split-half reliability.The full set of items is divided in half and a separate score is computed for each half.If the two scores agree,the measurement is reliable.Finally,it is possible to demonstrate the reliability of measurement with inter-rater reliability.Two separate individuals observe and record behavior simultaneously.If their two recordings agree,the measurement is reliable.

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Definitions:

Oxygen Levels

Oxygen levels refer to the concentration of oxygen in the blood, vital for bodily functions and monitored to assess respiratory and circulatory health.

Below-Normal

Referring to values or conditions that are less than the standard or expected level.

Nocturia

Having to void at night.

Urinary System

The organ system responsible for producing, storing, and eliminating urine.