[Solved] Which of the following factors is needed to establish causality? A) validity B) time order C) spuriousness D) panel study results Essentialism: A belief that certain phenomena or categories have an inherent and unchangeable essence or nature. Social Constructionism: An approach that suggests societal phenomena are constructed through human interaction and are not natural occurrences. Sociological Research: The process of conducting studies and investigations to understand social phenomena, patterns, and the dynamics of human behavior within societies. Pornified: Refers to the influence of pornography on mainstream culture, making sexual content more prevalent and accepted.