A Statistical Technique Called Individual Fixed Effects Compares an Outcome

question 67

Multiple Choice

A statistical technique called individual fixed effects compares an outcome across time as some factor changes.All of the following are examples of this technique EXCEPT analyzing:

• A) whether having children makes people happier by asking couples before they have their first child and then again afterward.
• B) whether people who exercise three times a week have more energy by asking individuals before they start their exercise regimes and then again after they've been exercising for a set period of time.
• C) the effects of gender by comparing people's experiences before undergoing sex changes and then again after their sex changes (e.g., like the Donald to Deirdre case mentioned in your text).
• D) whether vegetarians are less depressed than nonvegetarians by comparing the depression levels of vegetarians and nonvegetarians.

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Definitions:

Chemical Signals

Molecules released by organisms to communicate with each other, playing critical roles in behaviors such as mating, aggression, and territory marking.

Hormonal Messages

Signals transmitted within the body by hormones, which are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands to regulate physiological processes.

Mineral Uptake

The process by which plants absorb minerals from the soil through their roots.

Phloem

Complex vascular tissue of plants; its living sieve elements compose sieve tubes that distribute sugars through the plant body. Each sieve element has an associated companion cell that provides it with metabolic support.