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Below are short fragments of DNA sequences from two yeast strains (A and B) , which have been diverging from each other, as well as a short fragment from their common ancestor (C) . Yeast A: TGACTGCAAACATCCTAG
Yeast B: TGCCTGGACACATCGAAG
Yeast C: TGCCTGGAAACCTCCTAG
Based on the information from all three sequences, there is evidence for _______ parallel substitution(s) and _______ coincident substitution(s) .
Consistent Estimator
An attribute of an estimator indicating that, as the sample size increases, it converges in probability to the true parameter it estimates.
σ
Denotes the standard deviation in statistics, a measure of the dispersion or variability of a set of values.
Null Hypotheses
A statement or hypothesis set for statistical testing, positing that there is no significant difference or effect.
Alternative Hypotheses
In hypothesis testing, it is the statement that suggests a possible relationship between variables or a difference in groups, contrasting the null hypothesis.
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