Ben's Friend Muhammed Broke a Window and Consequently Was Punished

question 79

Multiple Choice

Ben's friend Muhammed broke a window and consequently was punished.Ben said that Muhammed was bad because he had been punished.This would indicate that Ben was at Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

• A) conventional morality/interpersonal conformity
• B) preconventional morality/punishment and obedience orientation
• C) preconventional morality/conscience
• D) principled morality/social contract

---

Definitions:

External Validity

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people.

Experimental Controls

Refers to conditions that researchers manipulate or maintain constant to determine their effects on the dependent variable in an experiment.

Analogue Designs

Experimental designs used in laboratory settings that aim to replicate aspects of the real world within a controlled environment to test hypotheses about behavior or phenomena.

Extraneous Variables

Variables that can influence the outcome of an experiment but are not the variables being studied, potentially confounding the results.