Does Taking Large Amounts of Vitamins Protect Against Cancer? to Study

question 8

Multiple Choice

Does taking large amounts of vitamins protect against cancer? To study this question, researchers enrolled 29,000 Finnish men, all smokers over the age of 50. Half of the men, selected at random, took vitamin supplements, and others took a dummy pill that has no active ingredient. The researchers followed all the men for eight years. At the end of the study, men in the vitamin group were no less likely to have cancer than men in the other group. This study cast doubt on the popular idea that taking lots of vitamins can reduce the risk of cancer.
The study design looked like this:
A weakness of this study is that

• A) it isn't clear that the results apply to women.
• B) observational studies give only weak evidence for causation.
• C) the people who took vitamins may have had other good habits.
• D) the response is measured in a biased way.
• E) nonsampling errors may be large.

Analyze the impact of early interventions and environmental factors on child development.

Distinguish between different scales and measures used in developmental assessment.

Understand the concept of circular reactions and their role in cognitive development according to Piaget.

Identify the relationship between early childhood assessments and potential future academic and cognitive outcomes.

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Definitions:

Electric Shock

is often used as an aversive stimulus in behavioral experiments, to study learning or modify behavior.

Solomon and Corbit

described the opponent-process theory of motivation and emotion, which explains how the intensity and duration of emotional experiences can change over time with repeated exposure.

Opponent Process

A theory suggesting that emotional reactions to a stimulus are followed by opposite emotional reactions.

Dishabituation

In psychological terms, dishabituation represents the renewal or intensification of a response that had become decreased or absent due to repetitive stimulation, triggered by a new, unrelated stimulus.