To See If Eating Just Before Going to Bed Causes

question 28

Multiple Choice

To see if eating just before going to bed causes nightmares, volunteers are recruited to spend the night in a sleep laboratory while connected to machines that monitor their sleep patterns. They are randomly assigned to be given a meal before bed or not. Numbers of nightmares are recorded and compared for the two groups. The critics claim the study

• A) gives results that do not generalize.
• B) does not use a placebo.
• C) is not precise.
• D) cannot establish causation because it is an observational study.

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Definitions:

Classical

Often referring to classical conditioning, a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.

Family Resemblance

The concept of how members of a category share certain characteristics, though there may be no single characteristic common to all.

Mental Representation

Internal, mental symbols, concepts or ideas that stand in for objects, actions, or conditions in the external world, facilitating cognitive processes.

Concept

A mental representation of a category.