If Surgical Procedure a Has a Higher Success Rate Than

question 22

Multiple Choice

If surgical procedure A has a higher success rate than surgical procedure B in every hospital where they are used and yet procedure B has a higher overall success rate, then we suspect that

• A) Statement I: this is nonsense and it can't possibly be true.
• B) Statement II: this is an example of Simpson's paradox.
• C) Statement III: it must be easier to achieve success at some hospitals than at others, whatever procedure is used.
• D) Statement IV: procedure B must be used predominantly in hospitals where it is easier to achieve success, while procedure A must be used predominantly where it is harder to achieve success.
• E) Statments II, III, and IV are true.

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Definitions:

Hue

A specific color shade or a property of color defining its spectrum position.

Sensory Adaptation

The process by which a sensory system becomes insensitive to a constant stimulus over time.

Sensory Receptor Cells

Specialized cells responsible for converting external stimuli from the environment into internal electrical impulses for the nervous system.

Visible Spectrum

The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected by the human eye, typically encompassing wavelengths from approximately 380 to 750 nanometers.