The Evidence That Smoking Causes Lung Cancer Is Very Strong

question 17

Multiple Choice

The evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very strong. But it is not the strongest possible statistical evidence because

• A) we can't do experiments to compare smokers and non-smokers.
• B) only smokers have been studied.
• C) the studies of the effects of smoking are not double-blind.
• D) all the studies of the effects of smoking involve animals, not humans.

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Definitions:

Religious Beliefs

The faith or convictions individuals hold about the existence and nature of a god or gods, and involvement in practices associated with such beliefs.

Psychological Health

Refers to the emotional, mental, and social well-being that affects how we think, feel, and act.

God as Caring

A theological perspective that emphasizes the nurturing and benevolent aspects of God's character towards humanity.

Humanistic-Existential Model

A psychological approach that emphasizes individual experience, personal growth, and self-fulfillment, viewing humans as inherently good and motivated by the search for meaning.